< Previous20 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 Leadership THE F OUNDING F A THER OF MODERN S A UDI ARABIA 20 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 WORDS BY KATE-LYNNE WOLMARANS Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud and the legacy he left behind ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 20ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2028/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:40arabianbusiness.com21 Leadership A bdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud, known to the world as Ibn Saud, is a figure of monumental significance in the history of the Arabian Peninsula and the broader Middle East. His leadership, characterised by a profound under- standing of tribal dynamics, modern statecraft, and visionary pragmatism, laid the foundations for what is today known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Here, we explore the various facets of his leadership, from his early struggles and conquests to his efforts in uniting the tribes of Arabia, his handling of global political forces, and the legacy he left behind. — • — A VISION OF UNITY AMIDST ADVERSITY Abdulaziz was born in 1875 into a region of intense tribal rivalry and shifting alliances. The Al Saud family had once r uled over much of the Arabian Peninsula but had been driven into exile by the rival Rashidi dynasty. These early years of hardship, spent in Kuwait, would significantly shape Abdulaziz’s character and his ambi- tions for the future. His vision was clear from a young age – to restore his family’s rule and unite the fractured tribes of Arabia under a single, powerful state. This vision began to materialise in 1902 when, at the age of 26, Abdulaziz recaptured Riyadh from the Rashidi forces. This bold and significant act was not just about reclaiming his fami- ly’s ancestral home; it was a declaration of his intent to create a unified state. In doing so, Abdulaziz demon- strated a unique blend of traditional leadership and modern thinking. He was a man of immense personal brav- ery, often leading his men into battle, yet he also understood the importance of alliances and diplomacy. Through strategic marriages and negotiations, he began to build a network of loyal supporters across the region. — • — THE BIRTH OF THE THIRD SAUDI STATE Following the recapture of Riyadh, Abdulaziz embarked on a series of military campaigns aimed at consoli- dating his power across the Arabian Peninsula. His approach was marked by a careful balance between military might and diplomatic acumen. While he engaged in numerous battles to subdue rival tribes and claim territo- ries, he was equally adept at forging alliances through negotiation and mutual respect. By the mid-1920s, Abdulaziz had successfully united the regions of Najd, Hejaz, and other surrounding territo- ries under his control. This unification arabianbusiness.com21 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 21ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2128/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:4022 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 Leadership was no small feat, given the historical animosities and deep-seated rivalries among the tribes. In 1932, after years of campaigning and state-building, Abdulaziz officially declared the estab- lishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its first king. This was a momentous achievement, not only for Abdulaziz personally but also for the Arabian Peninsula as a whole. It marked the emergence of a new, unified state in a region long char- acterised by fragmentation and exter- nal domination. Abdulaziz’s leadership during this period was pivotal. He managed to maintain the delicate balance between traditional tribal leadership and the demands of a modern, centralised state. His governance style was inclusive, often involving local leaders in deci- sion-making processes while maintain- ing the ultimate authority. — • — NAVIGATING GLOBAL TURMOIL Abdulaziz’s reign coincided with a period of significant global upheaval. The early 20th century saw the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the geopolitical reconfigurations following World War I, and the growing influence of European powers, particularly the British, in the Middle East. Abdulaziz adeptly navi- gated these complex dynamics, posi- tioning Saudi Arabia as a crucial player in the emerging global order. The fall of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled much of the Arabian Peninsula for centuries, created a power vacuum that Abdulaziz was quick to exploit. He skilfully managed relations with the British, who had significant interests in the region, while also recognising the rising influence of the United States. His ability to balance these relationships was critical in secur- ing the sovereignty and stability of the nascent Saudi state. During World War I, Abdulaziz maintained a cautious neutrality. While the conflict reshaped much of the Middle East, Abdulaziz focused on consolidating his internal power base. He was acutely aware of the risks of becoming entangled in the broader geopolitical struggles between the European powers, preferring instead to concentrate on his goal of unifying the Arabian Peninsula. The post-war per iod saw the Ibn Saud in the 1930s. The first king of Saudi Arabia demonstrated a unique blend of traditional leadership and modern thinking ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 22ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2228/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:40arabianbusiness.com23 Leadership King Farouk of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an Egyptian army unit in 1946 Middle East emerge as a region of stra- tegic importance, particularly with the discovery of vast oil reserves. Abdu- laziz’s foresight in recognising the potential of oil would prove crucial in the years to come. — • — THE DISCOVERY OF OIL The discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938 was a watershed moment in the kingdom’s history. For Abdulaziz, it represented both an opportunity and a challenge. On the one hand, the vast wealth generated by oil revenues offered the potential to modernise the kingdom and improve the lives of its people. On the other, it required care- ful management to ensure that the new wealth did not destabilise the society he had united. Abdulaziz approached this new phase in Saudi Arabia’s development with characteristic pragmatism. He welcomed foreign expertise and invest- ment, particularly from the United States, which played a significant role in developing the kingdom’s oil indus- try. However, he was also mindful of the need to maintain control over this resource, ensuring that the benefits of oil wealth were directed towards the kingdom’s development rather than external interests. Under Abdulaziz’s leadership, the revenues from oil were used to fund a wide range of development projects, including the construction of infra- structure, schools, hospitals, and other public services. These initiatives were designed to improve the welfare of his people while laying the foundations for a modern state. Abdulaziz’s love for his people was evident in these efforts, as he sought to use the wealth generated by oil to create a better future for all Saudis. At the same time, Abdulaziz was exceedingly aware of the need to preserve the kingdom’s cultural herit- age and Islamic values. He was careful to balance the forces of modernisation with the need to maintain the tradi- tional structures that had underpinned Saudi society for centur ies. This approach was reflected in his govern- ance, which combined elements of modern statecraft with the principles of Islamic law. — • — A LEADER INSPIRED BY FAITH AND TRADITION Abdulaziz’s leadership was deeply rooted in his Islamic faith and the cultural traditions of the Arabian Penin- sula. He drew inspiration from the teachings of Islam, particularly the prin- ciples of justice, charity, and respect for others. These values were central to his governance, as he sought to create a state that was both just and prosperous. His vision for Saudi Arabia was one of unity, stability, and progress. Abdu- laziz believed that the kingdom could serve as a model of Islamic governance and a leader in the Muslim world. He was committed to upholding the prin- ciples of Islam in all aspects of govern- ance, from the administration of justice to the management of the economy. Abdulaziz’s hopes for the nation extended beyond its borders. He envi- sioned Saudi Arabia as a leader in the Arab world, advocating for Arab unity and independence from colonial powers. Despite his commitment to tradi- tion, Abdulaziz was also a pragmatic leader who recognised the need to adapt to changing circumstances. He understood that the kingdom’s future prosperity depended on its ability to engage with the global community and ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 23ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2328/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:4024 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 Leadership ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 24ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2428/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:40arabianbusiness.com25 Leadership to adopt certain aspects of Western technology and knowledge. This prag- matic approach allowed Saudi Arabia to modernise without sacrificing its cultural and religious identity. — • — THE PEOPLE’S KING One of the defining characteristics of Abdulaziz’s leadership was his close relationship with his people. He was known for his accessibility, often hold- ing open meetings where citizens could voice their concerns directly to him. This practice, rooted in the tradi- tional tribal councils of the Arabian Peninsula, helped to foster a sense of trust and respect between the king and his followers. Abdulaziz’s per sonal qualities, including his courage, generosity, and humility, endeared him to his people. He was a leader who led by example, often living a relatively simple life despite his position of power. This humility, combined with his efforts to improve the lives of his people, earned him the loyalty and affection of Saudis across the kingdom. His efforts to maintain close ties with his people was also evident in his approach to governance. Abdulaziz was a hands-on ruler who took a personal interest in the affairs of the state. He often travelled across the kingdom, meeting with local leaders and citizens to understand their needs and concerns. This direct engagement with his people was a key factor in his success as a leader, as it allowed him to maintain a deep understanding of the challenges facing the kingdom. Abdulaziz’s legacy as a leader is reflected in the continued loyalty of the Saudi people to the Al Saud family. His descendants have upheld many of the principles and values that he established, ensuring the stability and continuity of the Saudi state. The modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with its strong economy and significant role in global politics, is a testament to the foundations that Abdulaziz laid during his reign. — • — ABDULAZIZ’S IMPACT ON THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST The king’s leadership style was shaped by the unique challenges and opportu- nities of his time. He was a leader who understood the importance of unity, the need for progress, and the value of his people’s loyalty. His reign laid the foun- dations for the modern Saudi Arabia, and his legacy continues to influence the region and the world. As a unifier, Abdulaziz succeeded in bringing together the diverse tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, creating a strong and stable state in a region long characterised by fragmentation and external domination. His ability to navigate the complexities of global politics, particularly during the tumul- tuous period of World War I and its aftermath, ensured that Saudi Arabia emerged as a sovereign state with significant influence in the Middle East. Abdulaziz’s impact on the modern Middle East extends beyond the borders of Saudi Arabia. He is remembered as a leader who was committed to the prin- ciples of Islam, the welfare of his people, and the unity of the Arab world. His efforts to promote Arab unity and inde- pendence have had a lasting impact on the region’s political landscape. Today, Abdulaziz is revered as the founding father of moder n Saudi Arabia. His vision, leadership, and dedication to his people have left a last- ing mark on the history of the kingdom and the wider Middle East. The contin- ued stability and prosperity of Saudi Arabia, as well as its prominent role in regional and global affairs, are a testa- ment to the enduring legacy of Abdu- laziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud. — • — A LEADER FOR THE AGES Al Saud was not just the founder of Saudi Arabia; he was a leader who shaped the course of history. His ability to blend traditional values with modern statecraft, to balance regional and global interests, and to lead with compassion and integrity, set him apart as one of the most significant leaders of the 20th century. Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law Mubarak Al Sabah in Kuwait in 1910 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 25ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2528/08/2024 10:4028/08/2024 10:4026 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 Leadership KEY MILESTONES UNDER AL SAUD’S RULE 26 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 26ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2628/08/2024 10:4128/08/2024 10:41arabianbusiness.com 27 Leadership 1902 The recapture of Riyadh 1902-1913 The unification of Najd 1913 The conquest of Al Ahsa 1914-1918 Navigating the First World War Al Saud led a small band of followers to retake Riyadh. This act was not only a strategic conquest but also a symbolic assertion of his legitimacy and his intent to forge a unified Arabian state. Through a calculated mix of military prowess and diplo- matic acumen, Al Saud gradually brought the central region of Najd under his control. This period was marked by the consolidation of power, laying the groundwork for the eventual unification of a broader Arabian polity. Al Saud’s annexation of Al Ahsa, a region of significant economic and strategic importance, demonstrated his ability to extend his influence beyond Najd. This conquest was crucial in securing the resources necessary to sustain his growing power. The global cataclysm of the First World War presented Al Saud with both peril and opportunity. His decision to maintain a cautious neutrality allowed him to focus on internal consolidation while deftly managing relations with the British, who were increasingly asserting their influence in the region. arabianbusiness.com 27 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 27ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2728/08/2024 10:4128/08/2024 10:4128 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 Leadership 1921 The defeat of the Rashidi dynasty 1924-1925 The conquest of Hejaz 1926 The declaration as King of Hejaz and Sultan of Najd The final defeat of the Rashidi dynasty, long-time rivals of the Al Saud, marked a turning point in Abdulaziz’s quest for dominance. The victory secured his position as the undisputed leader of central Arabia and set the stage for further expansion. The capture of Hejaz, including the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, was not merely a military triumph but also a profound political and religious statement. By bring- ing Hejaz under his control, Al Saud positioned himself as the leader of a unified Arabian state with significant religious authority. Al Saud’s declaration of himself as King of Hejaz and Sultan of Najd was a pivotal moment, reflecting his vision of a unified Arabian state. The dual title symbol- ised the merging of traditional tribal rule with emerging state structures. 28 100 Most Inspiring Leaders — September 2024 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 28ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2828/08/2024 10:4128/08/2024 10:41arabianbusiness.com 29 Leadership 1932 The founding of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1938 The discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia 1945 The meeting with U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt The formal proclamation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 represented the culmination of decades of strug- gle, negotiation, and statecraft. This act of unification under Al Saud’s rule established a new polity that would play an increasingly significant role in regional and global affairs. The discovery of oil in 1938 marked a key shift in the kingdom’s for tunes, transforming it from a largely agrarian society into a future economic powerhouse. Al Saud’s management of this newfound wealth would define the trajectory of Saudi Arabia’s development for generations. The meeting between Al Saud and President Roosevelt aboard the USS Quincy in 1945 highlighted the emerg- ing global significance of Saudi Arabia. This encounter laid the foundation for a partnership between the king- dom and the United States, centred around oil and regional stability. arabianbusiness.com 29 ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 29ABE_100 Most Inspiring Leaders Supplement September 2024_18-29_Ibn Saud_13367455.indd 2928/08/2024 10:4128/08/2024 10:41Next >